Energy Efficient and Safe Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles Including Driver Preference

In this manuscript, a control strategy for electric vehicles is developed to optimise the energy consumption while respecting constraints associated with both inter-vehicle safety and comfort, which challenge in typical optimal solution methodologies. Firstly, long-term using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle (PMP). Thereafter, obtained PMP used bound state space computationally tractable Dynamic Programming (DP) optimisation ensure satisfaction of constraints. While acceleration subproblem similar internal combustion engine (ICEVs), combination regenerative hydraulic braking significantly alters nature profile. Since DP not real-time implementation combined braking, fast heuristic developed, achieves 98% recovery calculated by simulated cases. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed respects saving approximately 5% use without increasing travel time. Further simulations were conducted evaluate effect driver preferences on use. It was shown 9.5% reduction if willing accept 10% speed reduction.